• Malignant clonal proliferation of cells within structures
  • Precursor of invasive carcinoma
  • Most commonly identified as microcalcification
  • Invasive ductal carcinoma is most common breast cancer

Nottingham Prognostic Index

  • Used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer
  • Calculated using size of tumour; number of involved lymph nodes, and grade of tumour

Molecular markers

  • Cancer may express Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), HER2 (Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor)
  • Caner may change with hormones
  • Allows for targeted treatments eg Tamoxifen (ER), Trastuzumab (HER2)