Aortic Aneurysm is a localized, abnormal dilation of the aortic wall. Approx. 90% mortality if ruptures while not in surgery. Two main types: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA).
Causes/Factors
- Atherosclerosis: Common cause, leading to weakening of the arterial wall.
- Genetic Factors: Family history of aortic aneurysms.
- Essential hypertension: Prolonged high blood pressure contributing to aortic wall stress.
- Connective Tissue Disorders: Conditions like Marfan syndrome.
Symptoms
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA):
- Often asymptomatic.
- Abdominal or back pain.
- Pulsatile abdominal mass.
- Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA):
- Chest or back pain.
- Shortness of breath.
- Hoarseness or difficulty swallowing.
Signs
- AAA:
- Pulsatile mass on abdominal examination.
- Bruit over the Aneurysm.
- Often ruptures
- TAA:
- Widened mediastinum on chest X-ray.
- Murmurs or abnormal heart sounds.
- Often dissects
Diagnostic Tests
- Ultrasound: Common for AAA detection.
- CT Angiography: Provides detailed imaging of the aorta.
- MRI: Especially useful for TAA assessment.
Management
- Monitoring: Regular imaging to track Aneurysm size.
- Medication: Beta-blockers to reduce blood pressure and stress on the Aneurysm.
- Surgery: Repair or replacement of the weakened aortic segment, particularly for larger aneurysms.
Complications/Red Flags
- Rupture: Sudden, severe pain, hypotension, and shock.
- Dissection: Tear in the aortic wall, leading to life-threatening complications.
- Thrombosis: Formation of blood clots within the Aneurysm.