aka transitional cell carcinoma
Cancer arising from urothelium accounts for >90% of bladder
Causes/Factors
- Age 60+
- Males
- Exposure to certain industrial chemicals - rubber, textile and dye industries
- Smoking
- FH
- Treatment for other cancers in pelvis - radiation from treatment can cause cancer
Clinical Signs
Local Primary Tumour Effects
- Frequency, urgency, dysuria
- Haematuria
- Urinary obstruction
- Back pain
Effects of Distant Metastases
- Lungs
- Bone
- Liver
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Rare
Diagnostic Tests
- Cystoscopy - camera on thin tube to examine inside of the bladder and biopsy
- CT, MRI, ultrasound
- Urine cytology
Management
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Immunotherapy
Complications/red Flags
- Metastasis
- Recurrence
- Bladder dysfunction