| Lung | non-small cell carcinoma * Squamous cell carcinoma * large cell carcinoma * adenocarcinoma EGFR, KRAS, ALK | more common that primary Lung Tumours * from breast, GI and kidney |
| Pleura | mesothelioma - asbestos exposure | carcinoma - breast lung, others Lymphoma Melanoma |
| Kidney | Renal Cell Carcinoma - VHL. Causes cannonball mets on lungs * clear cell - 75% * papillary - 10% Wilms’ Tumour (nephroblastoma) - WT1 | |
| Bladder | Urothelial Carcinoma - dye and rubber exposure | |
| Prostate | prostatic adenoma/carcinoma - BRCA1/2 * causes Bone mets with sclertotic changes | |
| Testicular | Seminoma - Cryptorchidism, KIT | |
| Cervical | FIGO staging HPV16&18 testing - p16 positive confirms HPV associated but can be independant cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III) Squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma in situ | |
| Vulval | undifferentiated vulval intraepithelial neoplasia * associated with HPV infection * 5% progress to Squamous cell carcinoma differentiated VIN * not associated with HPV * greater risk to Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma * Lichen sclerosis & Paget’s disease | |
| Ovarian | 90% of tumours - BRCA1/2 epithelial ovarian carcinoma - CA 125 marker * adenofibroma germ-cell tumours * teratoma (benign) * dysgerminoma (malignant) - LDH as marker * yolk sac tumour (malignant) - a-FP as marker * choriocarcinoma (malignant) - produces hCG sex chord stromal * thecoma/fibrothecoma (benign) + produce estradiol + Meig’s syndrome = triad: 1. ovarian tumour (fibroma) 2. right sided PE 3. Ascites * granulosa cell tumours (malignant) + low grade + produce estradiol * Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (malignant) + produce androgens | 5-30% cancers most common origin: * colon * stomach (Krukenberg tumour) * breast |
| Breast | invasive ductal carcinoma - BRCA1/2 * most common cancer * markers - HER2, ER, PR | |
| Uterine | endometrioid adenocarcinoma * most common cancer * Lynch syndrome - increases Colorectal cancer risk also Leiomyoma * uterine fibroids * most common tumour - benign | |
| GI Tract | Oesophageal carcinoma * squamous cell - HPV infection, smoking/alcohol * adenocarcinoma - Barrett’s oesophagus gastric adenocarcinoma * intestinal type most common * H. pylori infection colon cancer * FAP, Lynch syndrome * adenocarcinoma 95% * Mets cause mortality risk | |
| Liver | hepatocellular carcinoma * most common * Cirrhosis, Hepatitis B/C * a-FP marker angiosarcoma * aggressive * strongly associated with toxins - vinyl chloride, thorotrast hepatocyte adenoma * exogenous steroids bile duct adenoma * tiny white nodules on/in liver | secondary more common: * lung * breast * colon * pancreas |
| Pancreas | pancreatic carcinoma * HER2, KRAS, p16, p53, DPC4, BRCA2 * most common at head - invades to duodenum * less common at body/tail - invades to left adrenal, colon, spleen, stomach | |
| Leukaemia | chronic myeloid - mature cells (\downarrow) acute myeloid - immature cells chronic lymphocytic - most common acute lymphocytic Multiple myeloma (\rightarrow) vertebrae invasion | |
| Lymphoma | B cell Lymphoma * Non-Hodgkin’s - most common * Hodgkin’s - Reed-Steinberg cells | |
| Skin | Basal Cell Carcinoma - most common Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma * BRAF mutation * all malignant | |
| Sarcoma | Bone sarcoma * Osteosarcoma - most common * Chondrosarcoma - cartilage * Ewing sarcoma - a form of Bone and soft tissue cancer most commonly affecting children and young adults Soft tissue sarcomas * Rhabdomyosarcoma - skeletal muscle * Leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle * Liposarcoma - fat * Synovial sarcoma - soft tissue around joints * Angiosarcoma - blood and lymph vessels * Kaposi’s sarcoma - cancer caused by HSV 8 most often seen in patients with end stage HIV - red/purple lesion on skin | |