Mitral stenosis
Restricting blood flow from the left atrium to ventricle
Mid-diastolic low-pitched “rumbling” murmur due to low blood flow velocity.
Other signs:
- Tapping apex beat, which is a palpable, prominent S1
- Malar flush
- Atrial Fibrillation (irregularly irregular pulse)
Causes of mitral stenosis:
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Infective Endocarditis
Mitral regurgitation
Leaking valve causes a reduced ejection fraction - CHF. Second most common indication for valve replacement.
Pan-systolichigh pitched “whistling” due to high velocity blood. Radiates to axilla - may hear S3
Other signs of mitral regurgitation:
- Thrill in the mitral area on palpation
- Signs of Heart Failure and pulmonary oedema
- Atrial Fibrillation (irregularly irregular pulse)
Causes of mitral regurgitation:
- Idiopathic weakening of the valve with age
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Infective Endocarditis
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome