| Hemoglobin (Hb) | Oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. | - Dehydration | - Anaemia (iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency) |
| | - polycythaemia (increased red blood cell production) | - Chronic diseases (Chronic Kidney Disease, inflammation) |
| | | - Blood loss (bleeding, menstruation) |
| Hematocrit (Hct) | Volume of red blood cells as a percentage of total blood volume. | - Dehydration | - Anemia (iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency) |
| | - Polycythemia (increased red blood cell production) | - Chronic diseases (chronic kidney disease, inflammation) |
| | | - Blood loss (bleeding, menstruation) |
| White Blood Cells | Immune system response to infections and other diseases. | - Infection or inflammation | - Bone marrow disorders (aplastic anemia) |
| Red Blood Cells | Quantity of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood. | - Polycythemia (increased red blood cell production) | - Anemia (iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency) |
| | - Dehydration | - Chronic diseases (chronic kidney disease, inflammation) |
| | | - Blood loss (bleeding, menstruation) |
| MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) | Average volume of red blood cells. | - Macrocytic anemia (larger than normal red blood cells) | - Microcytic anemia (smaller than normal red blood cells) |
| PCV (Packed Cell Volume) | Volume of red blood cells as a percentage of total blood volume. | - Dehydration | - Anemia (iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency) |
| | - Polycythemia (increased red blood cell production) | - Chronic diseases (chronic kidney disease, inflammation) |
| | | - Blood loss (bleeding, menstruation) |
| MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) | Concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. | - Spherocytosis (a type of anemia where red blood cells are spherical) | - Hypochromic anemia (lower than normal hemoglobin content in red cells) |
| RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) | Variation in size of red blood cells. | - Iron deficiency anemia | - Normal iron levels, recent blood transfusion |
| Platelets | Blood clotting ability and risk of bleeding. | - Infection or inflammation | - Bone marrow disorders (thrombocytopenia) |
| | - Certain medications (chemotherapy) | - Autoimmune disorders (immune thrombocytopenia) |
| Neutrophils | Type of white blood cells involved in bacterial infection. | - Infection (bacterial) | - Bone marrow disorders (aplastic anemia) |
| Lymphocytes | Type of white blood cells involved in viral infections. | - Viral infections (e.g., influenza, HIV) | - Immune deficiency disorders |
| Monocytes | Type of white blood cells involved in immune response. | - Chronic inflammatory conditions | - Bone marrow disorders (aplastic anemia) |
| Eosinophils | Type of white blood cells involved in allergic reactions. | - Allergic reactions | - Hyperthyroidism |
| Basophils | Type of white blood cells involved in allergic reactions. | - Allergic reactions | - Hypothyroidism |