| Sodium | Range: <133mmol/L | >146mmol/L |
| Symptoms: Confusion, seizures, nausea | Agitatied, tachycardic/tachypneaic |
| Management: Correct underlying cause, hypertonic saline slowly (to prevent central pontine myelinolysis) | Fluid restrict, with hypotonic saline slowly (to prevent cerebral edema) |
| Potassium | Range: <3.5mmol/L | >5.5mmol/L |
| Symptoms: Weakness, Arrhythmias, muscle cramps | Muscle weakness, cardiac Arrhythmias, abdo pain |
| Management: Oral or IV potassium supplements | Calcium gluconate, Insulin and dextrose, kayexalate |
| Calcium | Range: <2.1mmol/L | >2.6mmol/L |
| Symptoms: Weakness, nausea, muscle cramps, Trousseau and Chvostek sign | Weakness, nausea, cramping, constipation |
| Management: Calcium supplementation, vitamin D, treat underlying causes | Hydration, loop diuretics, bisphosphonates, treat underlying conditions |
| Magnesium | Range: <0.7mmol/L | >1.1mmol/L |
| Symptoms: Associated with hypokalemia muscle weakness, tremors, Trousseau and Chvostek sign | Decreased consciousness, confusion, absence of reflexes |
| Management: Magnesium supplements, identify and treat underlying causes | IV calcium gluconate, diuretics, dialysis in severe cases |
| Chloride | Range: <96mmol/L | >106mmol/L |
| Symptoms: Lack of symptoms, ↑↑ confusion and swelling | Same as hypo |
| Management: Address underlying cause, chloride replacement | Diuretics, fluid restriction, treat underlying conditions |
| Phosphate | Range: <0.8mmol/L | >1.5mmol/L |
| Symptoms: Weakness, decreased Bone density, muscle cramps | Same as hypo |
| Management: Phosphate supplements, treat underlying causes | Restrict phosphate intake, manage underlying conditions |
| Bicarbonate | Range: <22mmol/L | >30mmol/L |
| Symptoms: Dyspnea, confusion, weakness | Increased thirst, nausea, abdominal pain |
| Management: Treat underlying cause, bicarbonate supplementation | Correct acid-base imbalance, manage underlying conditions |